“Figures of speech” are common ways people express themselves. They add color to language and allow us to express concepts in creative ways.

A figure of speech means language that shouldn’t be taken literally, word for word. Figures of speech include euphemism (e.g. “collateral damage”), hyperbole (e.g., “been there a thousand times”), metaphor (e.g. “top of the heap”), to oxymorons. (e.g. “jumbo shrimp”), and simile (e.g. “hungry as a horse”). They’ve been with us for hundreds, if not thousands of years. You can read more about the origins of language by clicking the link below.

While literal terms may be more explicit and direct, they may be less amusing or evocative. Saying quiet as a mouse is more fun than saying extremely silent.

As a translator, knowing connections between figures of speech can give you an edge. This knowledge broadens your understanding of various ways of thinking and perceiving the world. This in turn helps you choose more appropriate, intriguing, and expressive words.

In today’s post, we’ll look at some common figures of speech in English, German, French, Portuguese (Brazilian), Japanese, Italian, Spanish, Russian, and Chinese. Even though they’re in different languages, they express human experience across cultures. These examples show that we’re all human, we think alike, and we express similar thinking based on cultural schemata. These differences may come out when translators help the intended meaning of authors cross linguistic borders.

Though the wording doesn’t always match exactly, the concepts expressed can be quite similar when expressed figuratively. When you look at the word choices, you can see how cultures use figurative language to express themselves.

Read more: What Are the World's Oldest Languages?

What is a Figure of Speech?

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the figure of speech is defined as “a word or phrase used in a different way from its usual meaning in order to create a particular mental picture or effect.” Figures of speech are essential in adding creativity and vivid imagery to language, making communication more engaging and expressive.

24 Types of Figures of Speech

Figures of speech add depth and color to language, making it more engaging and memorable. For translators, understanding these rhetorical devices is crucial, as they convey cultural nuances and stylistic elements that are essential for accurate and effective translation. Below, we explore various figures of speech, their uses, and when they are typically employed.

1. Alliteration

Alliteration is the repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words in close proximity. You can usually see it used in tongue twisters like "Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers." Alliteration isn’t just for fun—it’s often used in poetry, marketing, and branding to create a musical effect and make phrases more memorable. So, next time you come across a catchy brand slogan, notice the nifty use of alliteration!

2. Antithesis

Antithesis juxtaposes two contrasting ideas in a parallel structure. You might recognize it in famous lines like Neil Armstrong’s “That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.” This figure of speech is commonly found in speeches and literature to highlight contrasts and make a point. It's a powerful way to show opposites and emphasize differences, making your message more impactful.

3. Apostrophe

Apostrophe addresses an absent person, abstract idea, or inanimate object directly. Think of Shakespeare's "O Death, where is thy sting?" It's like having a one-sided conversation with something or someone who isn’t there, often used in poetry and dramatic works to express strong emotions and create a sense of immediacy. It's a dramatic way to pour your heart out!

4. Circumlocution

Circumlocution involves speaking in a roundabout way to avoid directly addressing a subject. Ever heard someone say, "The vehicle that I use to commute" instead of just "my car"? That’s circumlocution in action! It’s often used in political speech, diplomacy, and literature to be evasive or to add an element of mystery. It’s a fancy way of not getting straight to the point.

5. Epigram

An epigram is a witty, concise, and often paradoxical statement or poem. Oscar Wilde was a master of epigrams with gems like “I can resist everything except temptation.” Found in literature and speeches, epigrams convey profound ideas in a memorable and impactful way. They’re the mic-drop moments of the literary world.

6. Euphemism

Euphemism replaces a harsh or direct term with a more gentle or vague expression. Instead of saying someone "died," we might say they "passed away." Euphemisms are common in everyday language, politics, and sensitive topics to soften the impact of what’s being communicated. They’re like linguistic bubble wrap for our feelings.

7. Hyperbole

Hyperbole is the use of exaggerated statements for emphasis or effect. If you’ve ever said, “I’m so hungry I could eat a horse,” you’ve used hyperbole. It’s found in literature, speeches, and everyday language to create strong impressions and add humor or drama. It’s exaggeration on steroids!

8. Irony

Irony expresses a meaning contrary to the literal interpretation of the words. Imagine saying “What a pleasant day!” during a hurricane. Irony is common in literature, drama, and everyday speech to convey sarcasm, critique, or humorous effect. It’s the linguistic equivalent of a wink and a nod.

9. Litotes

Litotes employs understatement by using double negatives or a negative to affirm a positive. Saying “not bad” to mean “good” is a classic example. Used in literature and speech, litotes subtly express modesty, irony, or understatement. It’s the art of saying something positive by downplaying it.

10. Metaphor

Metaphor describes one thing as if it were another, highlighting similarities. Saying “Time is a thief” doesn’t mean it literally steals but conveys that time passes quickly and takes moments from us. Ubiquitous in literature, speeches, and everyday language, metaphors create vivid imagery and convey deeper meanings. They’re the poetic shortcuts of language.

11. Metonymy

Metonymy replaces the name of one thing with the name of something else closely associated with it. Referring to business executives as "suits" is an example. Common in literature and journalism, metonymy creates more potent or evocative expressions. It’s like using one part to stand for the whole, giving a fresh perspective.

12. Onomatopoeia

Onomatopoeia uses words that imitate natural sounds. Words like "buzz," "bang," and "sizzle" bring sounds to life on the page. Found in poetry, literature, and comic strips, onomatopoeia creates a sensory effect and makes scenes more vivid. It’s the sound effects department of language.

13. Oxymoron

Oxymoron combines two contradictory terms. Phrases like "jumbo shrimp" and "deafening silence" illustrate this figure of speech. Used in literature and speech, oxymorons create a paradoxical effect and provoke thought. They’re the brain teasers of language, making us ponder the impossible.

14. Paradox

A paradox is a statement that appears self-contradictory but reveals a deeper truth. “Less is more” is a famous paradox. Found in literature, philosophy, and speeches, paradoxes challenge conventional thinking and illustrate complex ideas. They’re the mind-benders that make us rethink reality.

15. Personification

Personification attributes human qualities to animals, objects, or abstract concepts. Saying “the wind whispered” gives human traits to nature. Common in literature and poetry, personification creates vivid imagery and emotional connection. It’s like giving life to the inanimate, making the abstract relatable.

16. Pleonasm

Pleonasm involves the use of redundant words to emphasize a point. Phrases like “free gift” and “tuna fish” are examples. Used in rhetoric and literature, pleonasm reinforces ideas and adds emphasis. It’s the art of stating the obvious—twice!

17. Pun

A pun is a play on words that exploits multiple meanings or similar-sounding words. “Time flies like an arrow; fruit flies like a banana” is a classic pun. Found in literature, jokes, and everyday language, puns create humor and wordplay. They’re the witty word games that make us groan and laugh.

18. Simile

Simile compares two different things using "like" or "as." Saying “as brave as a lion” is a simile. Widely used in literature and everyday speech, similes create vivid imagery and clarify concepts. They’re the comparisons that make descriptions more relatable and colorful.

19. Synecdoche

Synecdoche uses a part to represent the whole or vice versa. Referring to a car as “wheels” is an example. Found in literature and rhetoric, synecdoche creates more potent or evocative expressions. It’s the shorthand of language, making the complex simple.

20. Understatement

Understatement intentionally makes a situation seem less important than it is. Saying “It’s just a scratch” when referring to a large dent is an understatement. Used in literature, speech, and everyday language, understatement creates irony or humor. It’s the art of downplaying the dramatic.

21. Assonance

Assonance is the repetition of vowel sounds within words close to each other. Phrases like “The early bird catches the worm” showcase assonance. Common in poetry and prose, assonance creates a musical effect and enhances mood. It’s the vowel harmony that makes language sing.

22. Transferred Epithet

Transferred epithet attributes an adjective or descriptive phrase to a noun it does not logically modify. “A sleepless night” is an example where the person is sleepless, not the night. Found in literature and poetry, transferred epithets create vivid imagery and convey emotions indirectly. It’s the subtle shift that adds depth to descriptions.

23. Anaphora

Anaphora is the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses or sentences. Martin Luther King Jr.’s “I have a dream” speech is a famous example. Used in speeches and literature, anaphora creates rhythm, emphasizes ideas, and provokes an emotional response. It’s the repeated call that amplifies the message.

24. Chiasmus

Chiasmus is a rhetorical device in which the order of words in the first clause is reversed in the second. “Ask not what your country can do for you—ask what you can do for your country” is a well-known example. Found in literature and speeches, chiasmus creates a memorable and impactful expression. It’s the mirror effect that highlights the core message.

By understanding these figures of speech, translators can capture the original text's nuances, style, and intent, ensuring that translations are both accurate and engaging.

14 Commonly used figures of speech

There are abundant similarities in figurative language among world languages. For example, in English, we say, cream of the crop; but cream doesn’t come from crops. The expression probably originated from the French, la crème de la crème, meaning cream of the cream, the best of the best,  or the “best of the batch.” Both expressions convey the same concept in similar, though slightly different, words.

Each of our examples show from two to four languages. We’ve listed them according to the figurative messages they express. 

1. A Precise Observation or Exact Answer

English: Hit the nail on the head.
German: Den Nagel auf den kopf treffen (lit. hit the nail on the head).

English and German languages both use the same metaphor to express precision, comparing the giving of an accurate answer to good carpentry. 

2. An Insignificant Amount

English: A drop in the bucket
Chinese: 九牛一毛 (literally. nine cattle and one hair).

The Chinese pictured this concept in terms of livestock, while English speakers saw it in terms of liquid. Similar ideas with different points of view. 

3. If It Describes You, Accept It

English: If the shoe fits, wear it.
Portuguese: A carapuça serviu (lit. the hat fits).

The differences here are likely related to two historical renderings of the expression. An earlier version used a hat, while a later version used shoes. One was adopted by Brazilian Portuguese speakers, the other by English speakers.

Interestingly, both versions were circulating around the same time period. One culture went with the top of the body (head and hat), the other chose the bottom (feet and shoes). 

4. It’s Not Going to Happen—Impossible

English: When pigs fly.
Russian: Когда рак на горе свистнет (lit. when cancer rises, the whistle blows).

Both expressions are nonsensical, expressing absurdities or impossibilities. The different figures of speech express a common concept: it will never happen. 

5. Very Expensive

English: Cost an arm and a leg.
French: Coûter les yeux de la tête (literally. To cost the eyes of the head).

English speakers view arms and legs as valuable. The French see the eyes as most precious. A Bulgarian version uses mother and father, giving an idea about what they hold in highest value.

Each figure of speech gives you a glimpse into cultural values. That’s not to say English or French speakers value parents less than Bulgarians, that a Londoner wouldn’t mind going blind, or that Parisians would prefer double amputations. It just means that different cultures have various ways to express the idea of value. 

6. It Is Not Going to Change

English: It is what it is.
Italian: Alla come viene, viene (literally: to how it comes, it comes).
Portuguese: Pão pão queijo queijo (literally: bread bread cheese cheese).

English and Italian speakers view the concept in terms of an empty subject: (it) could be anything. But Portuguese speakers think more concretely, in terms of food. What might that suggest about their cultures? And what should we make of the more modern version: “same (stuff), different day”?

7. Give an Opinion Even When Not Asked For

English: Give his two cents.
German: Seinen senf dazugeben (literally: put one’s oar in).
French: Mettre son grain de sel (literally: give a grain of salt).

The German expression carries the idea of inserting something to move a boat. The French language views the concept in terms of adding a tiny bit of flavor; The English figure of speech uses a small amount of money. So, we have various ways to express the value of adding opinions to a discussion. 

8. It’s Easy to Do

English: A piece of cake
Spanish: Ser pan comido (literally. bread to be eaten).
Japanese: 朝飯前 / あさめし まえ (lit. before breakfast)

Japanese language shows something can be done even before having breakfast. Spanish shows it as bread; English, something sweet to be eaten. Each culture relates something easy to a different aspect of their lives, yet connects it to the simple act of eating. 

9. Do Not Form Conclusions Based on Appearances

English: Don’t judge a book by its cover.
Portuguese: Quem vê cara, não vê coração (lit. who sees man doesn’t see heart).
Italian: L’abito non fa il monaco (lit. the dress does not make the priest).

Books and covers, faces and hearts, dresses and priests illustrate contrasts between appearance and substance. Each of these figures of speech shows what is or was important in their cultures: books for English (intellect), hearts for Portuguese (emotion), and religion for Italian. When you study intercultural communication, such distinctive peculiarities surface. 

10. The Grass Is Always Greener on the Other Side

English: The grass is always greener on the other side.
Italian: L’erba del vicino è sempre più verde (lit. the neighbor’s grass is always greener).
Portuguese: A galinha do vizinho sempre é mais gorda (lit. the neighbor’s chicken is always fatter).

Figurative language used here expresses discontent with one’s lot. But perhaps the differences between envy of lawns and of chickens reflects deeper cultural values.

11. To Be or Become Angry

English: Pissed off. 
Spanish: Estar hecho un ají (lit. be made a chili pepper).
Japanese: 腹が立つ  / はらが たつ (lit. a person’s stomach is standing up).

Expressing being miffed, the cultures of Spain, Japan, and native English speakers use quite different words. The Japanese view it as a physical condition that upsets the stomach. The Spanish compare it to spicy hot vegetables; something eaten that turns one red. And English speakers relate it to urinating; perhaps expressing the mood more than the relationship. But if a Brit is merely pissed, he may just be drunk, not angry at all.

12. To Be Very Poor

English: Dirt poor
Portuguese: Sem eira nem beira (literally, without land nor roof).
Chinese: 一无所有 (literally, nothing).

There are rich and poor in every culture. And these figures of speech express the same concepts from different perspectives. The Chinese language presents very poor as simply ‘nothing’; Portuguese as more literal: a person lacking land or house. Another version has it as being without a threshing floor. English language portrays the very poor as having nothing more than dirt for a dwelling place. So, this cross-cultural commonality is viewed from three different perspectives. 

13. Accomplish Two Things with One Action

English: Kill two birds with one stone.
German: Zwei Fliegen mit einer Klappe schlagen (lit. kill two flies with one swat).
Portuguese: Matar dois coelhos com uma tacada só (lit. to kill two rabbits with one shot).
Japanese: 一石二鳥 (lit. one stone, two birds).

English and Japanese speakers express themselves knocking out two birds; Germans, flies. The Portuguese prefer rabbits. But the same concept of efficient action emerges in all. 

14. Speaking Frankly

English: Tell it like it is.
Spanish: No tener pelos en la lengua (lit. not have hairs on the tongue). 
Italian: Non avere peli sulla lingua (lit. do not have hair on the tongue).
French: Appeler un chat un chat (lit. call a cat a cat).
Japanese: 腹を割って話す  / はらを わって はなす (lit. stomach talk).

English, Spanish, French, Japanese, and Italian languages all have expressions which mean speaking with frankness. But the distinctions are intriguing. Spanish and Italian have hairy tongues, while French refers to naming something as it is. The English version says it directly, as it is. Though word choices differ, the meanings are very similar. They see similar things with different sets of eyes. 

Wrap Up

While this list of figurative speech is just the tip of the iceberg, it provides a smorgasbord of the similarities and differences in how various cultures express common concepts. This is something that is evolving all the time (click the link below for more on the evolution of English).

Covering the broad spectrum of human thought and experience, figurative language expresses concepts such as being poor, speaking frankly, getting angry, doing something easy, buying something expensive, getting accurate answers, contemplating impossibilities, and much more.

Though figures of speech in various languages are not like peas in a pod, the ways in which similar concepts find illustrative expression in various tongues are fascinating to study. They points to the commonalities and variety of the human experience around the world and among different cultures.

These examples merely pique our curiosity. And that’s where the challenge and gratification as translators comes in. Our work as a translation company lets us learn about diverse languages, cultures, histories, psychology, sociology and much more.  And the more we learn, the better we get at our job. Practice makes perfect!

How about you? What floats your boat? Put your oar in the water, and give us your two cents. You can pay your pennies the comments section below!

Read more: Is the English Language Declining or Simply Evolving?